RESUMO Objetivo Descrever o desenvolvimento e atualização de um instrumento para categorização dos alimentos de acordo com a extensão e propósito de seu processamento industrial e avaliar sua aplicação prática. Métodos Após a atualização do instrumento com base em publicação recente sobre o tema, ele foi aplicado por cinco pesquisadores em um banco de dados de 108 alimentos. Esses alimentos são parte de um banco de dados de alimentos anunciados em seções relacionadas à saúde de panfletos promocionais de supermercado. Para avaliar a concordância intra-avaliador foi calculado o kappa ponderado de Cohen e para a concordância interavaliadores foram calculados o kappa de Fleiss e o coeficiente de concordância de Kendall. Resultados Na versão atualizada foram adicionadas duas classes de aditivos e oito substâncias, consideradas pela publicação mais recente como específicas de alimentos ultraprocessados. A concordância intra-avaliador foi de 100% (p<0,001), o que indica uma concordância “quase perfeita”; a concordância de Fleiss entre todos os avaliadores variou de 74% a 97% (p<0,001), o que representa uma concordância que variou de “forte” a “quase perfeita”; a concordância de Kendall foi W >0,93 (p<0,001) entre todos os avaliadores. Conclusão O instrumento atualizado apresentou uma elevada concordância e mostrou-se uma ferramenta metodologicamente útil e aplicável quando se tem por objetivo classificar alimentos pela extensão e propósito do processamento industrial.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the development and update of an instrument for food categorisation according to the extension and purpose of industrial processing, and to test its practical application. Methods After updating the instrument based on a recent publication on the NOVA classification, it was applied by five researchers to a database of 108 food items. These items are part of a database of foods announced in the health-related sections of supermarket promotional circulars. The Cohen’s weighted kappa coefficient was calculated to determine intra-rater agreement; Fleiss’ kappa and Kendall’s coefficient were applied to determine inter-rater agreement. Results In the updated version, two classes of additives and eight substances considered by the most recent publication as specific to ultra-processed foods were added. The intra-rater agreement was 100% (p<0.001), indicating an “almost perfect” agreement; Fleiss’ agreement among all raters ranged from 74% to 97% (p<0.001), which represents an agreement that ranged from “strong” to “almost perfect”; Kendall’s W was higher than 0.93 (p<0.001) among all raters. Conclusion The updated instrument showed high agreement and proved to be a methodologically sound and applicable tool for the purpose of classifying foods by the extension and purpose of industrial processing.

RESUMO Objetivo Mapear e refletir sobre as iniciativas da sociedade civil para o combate à fome no contexto da pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil. Métodos Para identificar as iniciativas da sociedade para o combate à fome foram conduzidas duas buscas sistemáticas independentes na plataforma Google®, utilizando as palavras-chave: “iniciativas sociedade civil covid” e “fome pandemia campanha solidariedade”. Resultados Foram localizadas quatorze iniciativas da sociedade civil de abrangência nacional que têm entre seus objetivos promover campanhas de financiamento coletivo para aquisição e distribuição de alimentos. Conclusão Historicamente, a sociedade brasileira é sensível ao tema do combate à fome e presta solidariedade como um valor social. Contudo, cabe ao Estado a obrigação legal do cumprimento da alimentação enquanto um direito de cidadania.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify and reflect about civil society’s initiatives to curb hunger in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. Methods In order to identify society’s initiatives to fight hunger, two independent systematic searches were conducted in the Google® search engine using the following keywords: “covid civil society initiatives” and “hunger pandemic solidarity campaign”. Results Fourteen nationwide civil society-promoted initiatives were identified, that among their objectives aimed at fostering collective funding to purchase and distribute foods. Conclusion Brazilian society has been historically sensitive to the hunger problem and shows solidarity as a social value. Nevertheless, the State is legally bound to provide food, as a social right.

Simvastatin is one of many hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors that are prescribed to lower cholesterol. Some emerging evidence indicates that classical music can serve as an effective adjuvant in rats treated with simvastatin. Moreover, simvastatin and classical music have been shown to influence some cognitive functions. To further understand the mechanisms of action, we exposed rats to classical music for 1 month, and then treated them orally with simvastatin. The behavioral experiments suggested that exposure to subchronic simvastatin (1 or 10 mg/kg/day) reduced anxiety levels in the elevated plus-maze and open-field test in rats exposed to Mozart music. The recognition object test results indicated that simvastatin altered non-spatial working memory only at the 1 mg/kg/day dose and improved both short- and long-term object recognition. No significant differences were found between Mozart music and silence in the object recognition test, suggesting that music did not significant affect learning and memory in adult rats. We hypothesize that the anxiolytic, but not object-recognition memory, effects of simvastatin and classical music occur through similar mechanisms, providing an important foundation for future preclinical and clinical research.